Consumer Buyer Behaviour and Organisational Buyer Behaviour Essay

Consumer Buyer Behaviour and Organisational Buyer Behaviour - Essay Example The researcher of this essay aims to analyze the buying process of the consumers which entails few different stages while arriving at a final purchase decision. The ‘consumer buying behavior’ is explained to be the buying of the products for the reason of personal or even household use but is not indulged in for any kind of business intentions. In a similar way, organizational buying is referred to be a multifaceted process related to decision making as well as communication. This multifaceted process is learned to occur over time entailing numerous organizational members along with their association with the other existing organizations as well as institutions. The process of organizational buying behavior is observed to be a definite behavior that involves more than just an easy process related to placing of orders with regard to the suppliers. ‘Organisational buying behavior’ is referred as the course of action related to decision making with the help of which the official organizations create the requirement for the purchased services as well as products.The official organizations are also believed to recognize, assess and select among the other suppliers and brands. Thus, this complete process is known as the ‘organisational buying behavior’ (Ferrell & Hartline, 2010). ... It needs to be mentioned and comprehended in this respect that the widely explained practice of organisational buying is believed to differ from the process related to consumer buying in certain significant ways. The innate challenges witnessed in the process of organisational buying compared to the consumer purchases are taken into concern from the external as well as internal viewpoints. To be specific, the external associations with regard to the buyer as well as the seller in case of organisational buying are believed to be reliant on the aspect of derived demand. This particular facet of derived demand is referred as an increasingly difficult buying as well as selling process along with involving an increasingly intense customer base. In comparison, the consumers are observed to indulge in purchases for the reason of their respective personal as well as household use along with involving a comparatively less difficult procedure and symbolising an assorted consumers group (Sheth, 1973). Internally, the organisational purchasers entail a tendency to provide increasing focus compared to the final consumers on the aspect of technology as well as superior performance. Greater emphasis is also learnt to be laid on the factor of customisation for the reason of catering to the definite necessities along with the guiding principle related to order-fulfilment. This factor of order-fulfilment is believed to involve manufacturing to ordering in comparison to just filling of a particular order related to finished products with regard to an accessible inventory (Oxford University Press, 2011). In comparison to the final consumers the organisational purchasers are also believed to entail a tendency of

Assess why government intervention to ensure equlity of opportunity Thesis

Assess why government intervention to ensure equlity of opportunity was historically necessary to correct tremendous injustices - Thesis Example The policy of slavery could only be cured by the policy of civil rights to rectify the injustice of what it is to live in a country without having the rights of citizenship. Where social structures fail, it is the responsibility of the government to lead the people out of the darkness of immoral and unethical behavior. According to Spalding (2007) â€Å"John Adams opposed slavery his entire life as a "foul contagion in the human character" and "an evil of colossal magnitude." James Madison called it "the most oppressive dominion ever exercised by man over man†. Many of those in the beginnings of the country who helped to shape its ideology did not agree with the idea of oppressing people. The idea of breaking from European structures of law that denied some while allowing corruption to flourish and enhance the lives of the elite was a defining element of creating the New World. The idea that slavery was a part of this New World was incongruous to the ideas upon which the nation was being built. This is not an opinion that is universal and there are those that believe that the practice of slavery in the United States was merely a continuation of economic policies that had existed since ancient times. There is some truth to this assertion, but the opinion asserted by D’Souza takes the argument too far. D’Souza (1995) suggests that the idea that grew within the United States was subversive and expresses an undeserved disgust with the concept of slavery suggests that slavery should still be an accepted idea. What should be recognized is that a heinous practice that had been a part of many cultures across the world was finally identified for its inhumanity as the ideologies of the United States began to influence it and other cultures to change the perception of slavery. Whether we turn to the declarations of the past, or to the professions of the present, the conduct of the nation seems equally hideous and revolting. America is false to the

Research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Research Paper Example In the last work by Langston Hughes that is I, too were identified varied themes, symbols and metaphors. This paper intends to unravel the commonality of those themes, symbols and metaphors in the two short stories by the author, which are Father and Son and Cora Unashamed. As was traced in the poem I, too by Langston Hughes, the short story Father and Son by the same writer delineates the atrociousness and brutality of the Jim Crow rules, but in a more detailed and intricate manner. Father and Son is a story about a Georgia white man Colonel Thomas Norwood who keeps a black woman Nora for a mistress and fathers five children by her. The story reveals the psychological and social might of the Jim Crow laws. In the story, Colonel Tom is showed to harbor feelings of constrained affection and liking for his sons from Cora, as is natural for any man. However, his allegiance to the Jim Crow system is evinced to be more doughty and mightier than his commitment to the voice of human feeling s within him. He not only tends to publically deny his children from his black maid Cora, but considers an open profession of affection by his son Brat to be a mark of dishonor and disgrace. As in I, too, in Father and Son, Hughes exposes the absurdity and fickleness of Jim Crow laws, which allow a white man to get into the most intimate of relationships with a black girl and to father sons by her, yet, do not allow one to socially and legally recognize the relationships that such intimacies and acts entail. As in other works of Hughes, the register attributed to the black characters further exposes the bestial and subhuman level to which the blacks character are supposed to stoop in Jim Crow America, replete with invectives like nigger, darkie and yard-nigger. In Father and Son, Hughes elaborately shows the decorum and mannerisms which the black dependants were expected to follow in subservience to Jim Crow norms that he alludes to in I, too. The black slaves owned by Colonel Tom a re never allowed to enter his home from the front door or to roam about in his inner chambers, irrespective of their long service to him or their relationship to him. The blacks were always to approach his home from the backdoor and allowed to gather only in the kitchen. Like a dog, they were expected to maintain a respectable distance from and decorum with their white master. The story also reinforces the social status attributed to black characters in Hughes’ other works. All the black characters are shown to be serving in menial positions. Colonel Tom do tries to be good to his children by extending to them educational and other opportunities and facilities. However, the magnanimity of his concern for his children never dares to cross the boundaries marked by Jim Crow laws. The story also reveals the fear of marginalization of the whites, as in Hughes’ other works. When Brat, the youngest son of Colonel tries to rebel against the constraints of segregation and recla im his relationship with his father, the system comes crashing down on him and his brother. Cora Unashamed is one of the masterpieces of Langston Hughes. Though the writer predominantly repeats the themes, symbols and metaphors in the story with which he deals with in his

Assess why government intervention to ensure equlity of opportunity Thesis

Assess why government intervention to ensure equlity of opportunity was historically necessary to correct tremendous injustices - Thesis Example The policy of slavery could only be cured by the policy of civil rights to rectify the injustice of what it is to live in a country without having the rights of citizenship. Where social structures fail, it is the responsibility of the government to lead the people out of the darkness of immoral and unethical behavior. According to Spalding (2007) â€Å"John Adams opposed slavery his entire life as a "foul contagion in the human character" and "an evil of colossal magnitude." James Madison called it "the most oppressive dominion ever exercised by man over man†. Many of those in the beginnings of the country who helped to shape its ideology did not agree with the idea of oppressing people. The idea of breaking from European structures of law that denied some while allowing corruption to flourish and enhance the lives of the elite was a defining element of creating the New World. The idea that slavery was a part of this New World was incongruous to the ideas upon which the nation was being built. This is not an opinion that is universal and there are those that believe that the practice of slavery in the United States was merely a continuation of economic policies that had existed since ancient times. There is some truth to this assertion, but the opinion asserted by D’Souza takes the argument too far. D’Souza (1995) suggests that the idea that grew within the United States was subversive and expresses an undeserved disgust with the concept of slavery suggests that slavery should still be an accepted idea. What should be recognized is that a heinous practice that had been a part of many cultures across the world was finally identified for its inhumanity as the ideologies of the United States began to influence it and other cultures to change the perception of slavery. Whether we turn to the declarations of the past, or to the professions of the present, the conduct of the nation seems equally hideous and revolting. America is false to the

The Milestones and Major Developments in the Early Paleozoic Era Essay Example for Free

The Milestones and Major Developments in the Early Paleozoic Era Essay Understanding the diversity and complexity of life as observed in the current modern days may seem as difficult as defining life itself. The changes, developments, and evolution of the earth and the life forms it holds are all varied and sundry enough which makes it hard to understand without looking back to when, where, and how it all started. History, Geology, Paleontology, and many other branches of Science play a significant role in aiding people to better understand the roots and beginnings of the life seen today. These fields of studies help and serve like windows to the past which make it easier to know what it was like back when the Earth was young and life was primitive. These various disciplines draw attention to where life originated. Knowing the evolution of the earth and life forms can help make people understand what the modern life is made of. While some would see this study as a lame and monotonous venture, it can never be denied that knowledge about the origins of life and the world addresses very common issues like confusions as to how the modern human beings got their form and the very controversial issue as to where actually life came from. Debates and ideological arguments will always be inevitable, but Science got the only factual proofs and pieces of evidence about where life actually started and how it came to its present form from the simplest and most primitive elements. All these can only be understood by studying and looking back at the beginning. Thus, this paper shall discuss one of the most important and most highlighted eras in the history of life and the Earth—the Early Paleozoic Era. The Paleozoic Era The term â€Å"Paleozoic Era† literally equates to the term â€Å"time of ancient life† (Farabee). This is the bracket of time between 544 and 245 million years in the past. The Online Biology Book written by Michael Farabee and sponsored by Estrella Mountain Community College summarizes the major highlights of the Paleozoic Era. A section of the book explains meticulously about this prehistoric period. The Paleozoic era is from the general period when life forms began to spring known as the Phanerozoic Eon. This period has been known to exist about 542 million years ago (Farabee). Phanerozoic Eon consists of three specific eras such as: 1) Paleozoic Era—also known as the â€Å"ancient life† which existed 542 to 251 million years ago; 2) Mesozoic Era—also regarded as the â€Å"middle life† which existed 251 to 65. 5 million years ago; and 3) Cenozoic Era—dubbed as the â€Å"recent life,† which has existed since 65. 5 million years ago up to the present time (Gore 1). The Paleozoic Era appears to be the first period from the Phanerozoic Eon when the earliest complex life forms first existed. The Early Paleozoic specifically can be further divided into three periods such as the 1. ) Cambrian, 2. ) Ordovician, and the 3. ) Sulirian periods. It was during the earlier parts of the Paleozoic era when major advances in biological evolution were dated. The first of such developments and evolutions was that of the Cambrian Explosion. After this highlight came the developments of some group of green algae from the Ordovician period. This development in the early forms of primitive plants led to the evolutions of vertebrates since most plants during that time were found to move from water to land (Farabee). The Cambrian Explosion (544-505 million years ago) The Cambrian explosion during the earliest years of the Paleozoic era has been considered as the most interesting zoological myth there is about the origin of life (Dawkins and Wong 436). This is because this was the period when the earliest known animal and plant life sprang and had left very remarkable pieces of fossils which served as their memoirs for the modern scientists of today. It was during the Cambrian period when primitive life such as Coelenterates, protozoa, poriferans, molluscans, worms, echinoderms, trilobites, tribitmorphs, achaocyathids, and brachiopods were found to rule the animal kingdom (Balisteri et al. ). However, these primitive life forms were seen only in bodies of water. The Early Cambrian period was also tagged as a â€Å"wild time† for animal evolution (Farabee). This was because within the relatively short period of time, a wide variety of body plans among animals have already developed. One of the most prevailing groups of primitive animals during that time was the trilobites. These shallow-marine dwelling organisms lived during the Cambrian period, and through the rest of the period, this group has diversified into other more complex forms of organisms (Balisteri et al. ). However, due to the massive cooling and freezing on most of the Earth’s land during this time, extinction was found very distinct in this period. As to primitive plant life during the Cambrian period, algae was found to be the major group of plant life that existed in this period. These plants were known to have secreted lime-like substances which aid in the development and formation of rocks (Balisteri et al. ). Also, plants were found to have inhabited the lands first before the animals did during the Cambrian period. It was also during this period when the world’s primitive supercontinent, Pangaea, was believed to start breaking apart (Balisteri et al. ). During the Cambrian period, the large continent of the North America moved upward the globe through the equator. Gondwana, which is the largest remaining land mass of Pangaea during that time, divided into what we know today as India, Australia, Antarctica, and South America. The Ordovician Period (505-440 million years ago) The Ordovician period was characterized by the emergence of the world’s earliest volcanoes. This caused the formation of igneous rocks from the produced ash and lava from eruptions (Balisteri et al. ). This period was also marked by the continental submergence. The most highlighted part of this event was the Late Ordovician Flood which caused continents to contract and moved closer to each other. The most popular remain of this great flood as of today is the Atlantic Ocean (Balisteri et al. ). It was also noted that sea levels were generally high during the Ordovician period. However, there were still shallow waters that have been dated and found to have depositions of shallow water carbonated rocks. These were eventually traced through the presence of mudcracks and stromatolites nowadays (Gore 6). When it comes to life form evolution, diversification will best describe the action by the survivor organisms among the many life forms that became extinct from the Cambrian period (Farabee). During this period, the earliest forms of sea vertebrates, such worm-like creatures, evolved (Christian and McNeill 123). These are the creatures were found to be the ancestors of the sharks and common fishes today. These Ordovician marine vertebrates were complete with backbone, limbs, and a nervous system which formed mainly the head. Also, the remaining species that the Cambrian period left like the brachiopods, trilobites and mollusks were reported to undergo a Jurassic evolution. Thus, the first Ordovician marine vertebrates were reported to be armored, jawless, and covered with hard shells (Balisteri et al. ). On the other hand, the development of plants from the earlier group of green algae was also a milestone during this period. Scientific studies of fossils and biochemical proofs show that modern plant species rooted from the multicellular green algae that prospered during the Ordovician period (Cartage. org). Among these green algal groups, Charophytes were found to be most dominant at that time. These algae with the rest of the other algal groups were known to reside within the cool waters of the ocean, but between 500-400 million years ago, some algal groups were found to transfer to land through various levels of adaptations and evolutions which aided them to live outside the waters (Farabee). The Sulirian Period (440-410 million years ago) This period was characterized by the evolution of scorpion-like creatures as large as modern human beings (Christian and McNeil 123). These creatures were known as Euyperiods which were known to root from the extinct family of marine arthropods (Balisteri et al. ). These creatures were averagely 3 meters long and these were known to reside in the seas. Moreover, various other creatures that were abundant in the Cambrian and Ordovician periods have decreased in number during the Silurian period. Some of these animals were the Trilobites. However, the Silurian period was also distinct for the abundance of coral reefs, cephalopods, and jawed fishes that colored up and made the waters alive during this period. The said reefs have covered what people now know as the sea floors of Wisconsin, Illinois, Ohio, New York, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, and Lake Erie (Balisteri et al.). This period was found to be dominated by the early vascular plants—which developed tiny tubes within their structures to support the transport of nutrients—as well as varieties of insects (Paull). However, both these plants and animals went through specific challenges which threatened their early extinction during that time. These challenges were that of 1) Drying out—plants and animals would have to take sometime to adapt to a new environment like when they transfer from water to land; 2) Gas exchange—respiration also takes sometime to adapt to the change in environment these creatures had to go through; 3. ) Weight support; 4. ) Conduction; and 5. ) Reproduction—the change in environment also has great effects on the reproduction process of organisms. More often than not, the change of environment tends to slow down their reproduction ability (Farabee). In addition, the Caledonian Mountain which is currently found in Canada was found to have started to form through the collision of European and North American plates (Paull). These were the major highlights and developments during the Early Paleozoic era of life and world history. This field of study may appear too complicated and boring for most people to study. However, by going through the facts and amazing discoveries of the life forms of the past and discovering how they come to produce what life is like today, it may seem that studying where the modern life rooted from is indeed an interesting and adventurous ride through both history and science. Works Cited Balisteri, Alex, Ulrike Balisteri, Bernd Bickel, Ron Schumacher, Beate Steger, and Sarah Young. â€Å"History of the Earth.† Think Quest. 1998. 04 December 2008 http://library. thinkquest. org/20886/. Christian, David and William H. McNeil. Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History. California: University of California Press, 2004. Dawkins, Richard and Yan Wong. The Ancestor’s Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Evolution. New York: Houghton Mifflin Books, 2004. Farabee, Michael J. â€Å"The Early Paleozoic. † On-Line Biology Book. 07 October 2002. Estrella Mountain Community College. 04 December 2008 http://www. cartage. org. lb/en/themes/sciences/Paleontology/Paleozoology/EarlyPaleozoic/EarlyPaleozoic. htm. Gore, Pamela J. W. â€Å"Early Paleozoic Events. † The Earth Through Time. 10 November 2005. Georgia Perimeter College. 04 December 2008 http://higheredbcs. wiley. com/legacy/college/levin/0471697435/chap_tut/chaps/chapter10-01. html. Paull, Gene J. â€Å"Early Paleozoic. † University of Texas at Brownsville. 20 August 2008. 04 December 2008. http://blue. utb. edu/paullgj/geol1404/lectures/early_paleozoic. html.

Ethical Arguments on Surrogacy

Ethical Arguments on Surrogacy Leticia Villalba Surrogacy – A Great Option to Infertility In today’s society, women that are unable to become pregnant naturally due to infertility are resorting to surrogacy to have their children. With surrogacy being a complex process, it involves many different moral, ethical, and legal issues that are challenging the acceptance of this assisted reproductive treatment by society. However, surrogacy should only be viewed by society as a great option to infertility based on sound moral, ethical, and legal arguments. In effect, this view will help eliminate adverse criticism against the ones resorting to this reproductive alternative to create a family and also against the child later in life. Legislators should pass laws to help and protect the rights of surrogate mothers, intended parents and children. In order to fully understand the ethical, moral, and legal arguments surrounding surrogacy it is important to understand what surrogacy is. According to the Online Merriam-Webster dictionary, the definition of surrogacy is â€Å"the practice of serving as a surrogate mother† (Surrogacy) and to surrogate means â€Å"to put in the place of another† (Surrogate). These two definitions put together allow surrogacy to be better defined as a process whereby a woman bears and gives birth to a child that she will not raise but will give to the intended infertile couple. There are two types of surrogacy, traditional and gestational. In both types of surrogacy, the surrogate mother can either be a close friend, a family member, or from a surrogacy agency and the assisted reproductive technology (ART) method is used to assist with the surrogacy processes. With the traditional surrogacy process, the surrogate mother becomes pregnant by being artificially inseminated with the sperm of the intended father. As the sperm is inserted into her uterus, via a simple medical procedure, when her mature egg is released by the ovary she can conceive and later give birth to a child (ACOG Committee on Ethics). Traditional surrogacy was the only process available due to technological limitations when surrogacy was first introduced. But as technology has advanced in the reproductive field allowing fertilization to happen outside the womb, infertile couples are choosing gestational surrogacy over traditional. Legal issues are greater with traditional surrogacy as the surrogate mother and the baby has a genetic link. Mark Hansen, a senior writer for the journal at the American Bar Association (a professional organization composed of lawyers and law students committed to support the legal profession while improving the administration of justice) adds tha t many lawyers hesitate when thy have to work with traditional surrogacy and some won’t even consider such an arrangement (Hansen 56). Hansen is simply reiterating the fact that legal problems are more prone to happen with traditional surrogacy due to the biological connection the baby has with the surrogate mother. Gestational surrogacy (also referred to as commercial surrogacy) is a process in which the intended parents undergo an in-vitro fertilization and an embryo transfer treatment (Ethics Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine 1838). The intended mother is prescribed medication to start development of multiple egg follicles. Once these follicles reach maturity, mature eggs are retrieved from the intended mother’s ovaries procedurally to be later fertilized with the intended father’s sperm. When fertilization in-vitro (in an artificial environment) occurs, the embryo is then transferred to the gestational surrogate’s uterus (Ziskin). The gestational surrogate (also known as gestational carrier) will then carry the couples’ biological child until birth. This is a much more complex and expensive process, but it is mostly preferred by prospective parents due to the lack of genetic bond between baby and surrogate and the increased legal benefits . Provided this information, substantial issues for and against these surrogacy procedures have arisen. Many religious institutions, feminists, ethicists, and traditionalists oppose surrogacy on moral and ethical grounds. They justify this by stating that surrogacy is just another way to do business and profit off of women and infants becoming commodities to be bought and sold, a way of commercializing humans. But in the article â€Å"Consideration of The Gestational Carrier: A Committee Opinion† the ethics committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) argues that: Payment to the gestational carriers should take into account 9 months of possible illness, risks to employment, burden on other family members, and the like, but should not, however, create undue inducement or risks of exploitation or incentivize gestational carriers to lie about their own health conditions or family history. [Therefore] compensation for gestational carriers†¦ is ethical (Ethics Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine 1839). The ASRM’s ethics committee is emphasizing in their argument that commoditization of humans doesn’t happen as payments made to the gestational carriers are a mere compensation for all the hardship they might encounter during the process. Beside the opponents’ beliefs, infertile women, infertile couples, and liberalists who represent the majority of advocates for surrogate motherhood assert that surrogacy is a way to help childless couples have their biologically related children even though they would have to pay high costs for this fertility treatment. They feel that the payment required does not relate to the child’s worthiness but relates to the medical expenses incurred, as well as the emotional and physical burdens the surrogate mother experiences throughout the pregnancy. Moreover, some feminists compare surrogacy with prostitution, alleging that women are selling their bodies and their ability to procreate for money. However, Judith Sperling-Newton, the director of the American Academy of Assisted Reproductive Technology Attorneys argues that â€Å"the vast majority of women who choose to serve as surrogates are intelligent, well-educated and financially secure; they are caring individuals who want to help others in a unique and meaningful way† (Sperling-Newton). Respectively, women that agree to carry someone else’s baby are able to give to the childless couple the greatest gift of all, a child. Furthermore, the committee on ethics at the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists emphasize that â€Å"in the United States, the freedom to decide whether and when to conceive or bear a child is highly valued and protected† (ACOG Committee on Ethics 466). Therefore, the choice made by the intended parents on how they can have a child should be respected, as wells as the decision of the surrogate mothers to help barren couples. In addition to the moral and ethical issues there are also some legal issues. Helene S. Shapo, a professor of Law and the director of Legal Writing at the Northwestern University School of Law, writes that the lack of national legislation in the United States to regulate the practice of surrogacy has helped several states recognize surrogacy contracts, although current state legislations nullify them (Shapo 474). These contracts between the surrogate mothers and the intended parents are only for the purpose of establishing parental rights, payment terms, and specific conditions since they still are not enforceable by law. Rosemarie Tong, a distinguished professor of Health Care Ethics at the University of Carolina as well as a consultant to the National Advisory Board on Ethics and Reproduction, says that the â€Å"U.S. public will†¦ press federal and state authorities to pass clear legislation governing surrogacy† (Tong), to make sure the rights of couples, surrogates and the child are not abused or manipulated. As a matter of fact, advocates to surrogacy and opponents both agree that laws should be created in regards to surrogacy. However, some opponents want legislation to ban the existence of surrogacy altogether. They believe that human commoditization in the U.S. will be drastically reduced if surrogacy is banned (Tong). But Sudesh Kumar, an economist, a regulatory affairs consultant, and the author of â€Å"Surrogacy Can Be an Ethical Solution to Infertility†, argues that: In economics, a commodity is a unit that can substitute for another at all points, so each unit has no special intrinsic value. Thus, one cannot argue that the baby has become a commodity in surrogacy, as the baby is unique (Kumar). What Sudesh says simply explains that as the baby is the end product of the surrogacy process, that surrogacy should not viewed as human commoditization. Consequently, society should consider Sudesh’s analysis as it would help eliminate criticism against all the parties involved in this process. Not only the adults can suffer psychologically but also the child later in life if they don’t have any social support. In summary, traditional and gestational surrogacy are assisted reproductive treatments that can help infertile couples achieve their ultimate dream, which is to have children. But along the way, these couples may find themselves in big predicaments due to the complexity of moral, ethical, and legal dilemmas that were raised. These different aspects are now dividing society, however the pros can considerable overcome the cons of surrogacy. Like said by Mark Hansen, the author of â€Å"†¦ Baby Makes Litigation†, â€Å"Surrogacy†¦ can be a minefield. [But] done carefully and correctly, it is a wonderful thing† (qtd. In Hansen 55). Therefore, surrogacy is a great option to infertility. It helps barren couples experience the joys of parenthood regardless of the surrogacy process chosen. Legislators, advocates and opponents of surrogacy, must work together towards a greater compromise to aid the creation of legislations and thus minimize hardships to all parties inv olved. Works Cited ACOG Committee on Ethics. Surrogate Motherhood. ACOG Committe Opinion Number 397 (2008): 465-70. Web. 4 January 2014. Ethics Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Consideration of the gestational carrier: a committee opinion. Fertility and Sterility June 2013: 1838-41. Print. Hansen, Mark. and Baby makes Litigation. ABA Journal (2011): 53-57. Print. Kumar, Sudesh. Surrogacy Can Be an Ethical Solution to Infertility. 13 May 2013. Oposing Viewpoints in Context. Ed. Medical Ethics. Grenhaven Press. Web. 6 January 2014. Shapo, Helene S. Assisted Reproduction and the Law: Disharmony on a Divisive Social Issue. Northwestern University Law Review (2006): 465-79. Print. Sperling-Newton, Judith. Surrogacy Should Be Regulated, Not Banned. 29 May 2013. Web. 6 January 2014. Surrogacy. Merriam-Webster.com (n.d.). Web. 6 January 2014. Surrogate. Merriam-Webster.com (n.d.). Web. 6 January 2014. Tong, Rosemarie. Surrogate Parenting. Ed. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. n.d. Web. 6 January 2014. Ziskin, Dan. Arizona Center For Fertility Studies. n.d. Web. 6 January 2014.

Womens Misleading Magazines Essay -- Media Self Image Beauty Advertis

Women's Misleading Magazines I was flipping through some channels on the television set one day and came across a woman's talk show, "The View." It caught my attention when one of the hostesses asked the audience of mostly women to raise their hand if they thought they were truly beautiful. Much to my surprise the audience did not respond with very many show of hands. The hostess then introduced a study done by Dove, the makers of the body soap. Dove polled over 6,000 women from all over the country and only two percent of the women polled said they feel beautiful. Women are surrounded by images screaming physical beauty is more important than their talents and accomplishments. Women are deriving their self worth from an ideal of how they think they should look and how they think everyone else wants them to look instead of focusing on their sense of who they are, what they know, and where they are going in life. In "Help or Hindrance?: Women's Magazines Offer Readers Little But Fear, Failure," Mary Kay Bl akely states, "Instead of encouraging women to grow beyond childish myths and adapt to the changes of life, women's magazines have readers running in place, exhausted." She goes on to say, "This is a world we have 'made up' for women, and it is a perilous place to exist." One of the biggest culprits feeding women's insecurities are the popular women's magazine that line the book shelves of grocery stores, gas stations, and waiting rooms. They supply readers and the occasional innocent passerby with unrealistic images of what women should be instead of showing diverse age groups and women with natural beauty. Reading through a couple of magazines, Cosmopolitan, Elle, and Shape, I found nothing but hidden agendas and... ...ce in society. And the effects of the ideals behind these magazines are all the more powerful because of their subtlety." Women walk away from these magazines with an empty feeling and feelings of many inadequacies and they really don't know exactly why. The subtle undermining of women's intelligence and cause strips away their sense of worth ever so slowly and leaves them feeling depressed and in search of something that really can't exist together. Growing old while staying young takes many years of complete and internal happiness not many years of collagen injections and the added stress of having to stay unattainably perfect. While some consider these journalists for women's magazines talented writers, I consider them horrendous displays of talent in which they sell out the naturally beautiful women of the world for a quick buck and a popular magazine.