Obesity In the United States Essay -- Health Weight Obese Essays Diet

In America we have many issues to worry about from AIDS to Ebola. A large worry should be the epidemic in America that has killed more then 300,00 people a year (tuberose,1). An epidemic so strong that over the past 20 years there has been a dramatic increase in the United States? (Nutrition,1). How would you feel if I told you this very epidemic was in your house now? America is at war right now and we are losing , this war started many years ago and has not yet been won. Every year we lose many of our beloved ones to this monster , what can we do? Obesity, the new green eyed monster, has taken over America and nothing has been done. Americans are heaviest people in the world we have been the heaviest since , the 1950s. With our growing wealth and appetites we eat way more than three meals a day, which in some countries is a whole weeks worth of food. â€Å"In 1996, a U.S. Department of Agriculture study revealed that at least 33 percent of all adults in the United States were overweight; that number increased to 61 percent of adults and 13 percent of children in 1999 according to the Surgeon General. In late 2001, the Surgeon General’s report said 27 percent of Americans are obese and 61 percent are overweight.† ( Tuberose,3) Scientists have found there are four main components working against us in this battle of the bulge, The media, our eating habits, lack of exercise, and our own individual heritage.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In today’s society it seems that everywhere you look you are always being pressured into trying to make yourself better, there are signs every where you look telling you that your not pretty enough, smart enough, thin enough, or that anything you have is not good enough. All this pressure that the media puts on people causes a low self-esteem (Tuberose,6). When people are stressed out or have a low self-esteem they produce a hormone called insulin, which increases the lipid intake causing people to gain weight in their midsection and buttocks, the two most dangerous storage areas. (Susan G. Berg page 12). Not only does the media tell you that you are worth less they try to fool you into thinking that you might not be so worthless if you bought some of their products for example, diets pills. Most diets pills are dehydrators, they make you think you are losing weight when in reality you are onl... ...   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If we can come together and learn to live a healthier life ,full of eating right ,and exercising we can over come this monster which kills to many of our beloved ones each year. If we don’t act now we might face worse consequences in the long run. â€Å"According to a 1995 report by the Institute of Medicine, 59 percent of the adult population met the current definition of clinical obesity, which qualifies the disease for epidemic status. One study predicted that if obesity continues to increase at its current rate, every single man, woman, and child will be obese by the year 2030.†( Tuberose,3) Works Cited: 1. American family Physicians. â€Å" what it takes to lose weight†. Jan 1,2003. American   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Academic of family physicians.02/03/05.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2. Tuberose â€Å"calories and obesity† no posting date, Tuberose .02/03/05   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3. Nutrition & Physical Activity.08/17/04.National Center for chronic diseases prevention   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  and health. 02/03/05 4.Aliha Bauman and the editors of Prevention . Fight Fat. Library of congress: St. Martins press. 1998 5. Susan G. Berg and the editors of Prevention . Food Smart. Library of congress: St.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Martins press. 1998

Car Accidents

CAUSE AND EFFECT PARAGRAPH -CAUSES OF ROAD ACCIDENTS Car accidents are something that has become common in human life. Almost everyday car accidents happen around us within anytime and anywhere around the worlds. It harms everyone without exception to anybody. The tragic part of car accidents is when it involving fatal. It is very unfair for every living body to die in the car crash and it such a wasted. Furthermore car accidents are something that can be avoided if we altogether concern about the factors that can lead to the crash. First and foremost, careless driver is one of the factors of car accidents. They are not paying 100% attentions on the road while driving. Some of them are talking on the phone, and controlling the car with only one hand. This actually increases the risk of getting involved in car accidents. There are also driver that are not in proper condition to drive. As example, the driver does not getting enough sleep to be able to drive safely resulting in falling asleep while driving and may lead to car accidents. Secondly, poor road conditions also contribute to car accidents. Irregularly surface of road can cause driver to lose control on the car. Unclear road signs that are hard to be seen especially during night and improper placed of speed bump are really disturbing the driver and thus car accidents are more likely to occur. Finally, bad weather is also the causes of car accidents. Heavy rain, storm and snow limit the driver’s visibility and put themselves and others on risk. As example, when it is raining heavily, the road become slippery and car’s tyres have fewer grips on the surface of road. Consequently, the cars will collide with each others. As a conclusion, peoples especially drivers should take note the factors that cause the car accidents as they will beware when driving and thus can help avoiding car accidents. Car accidents Brainstorm as many causes of accidents as possible in the following categories (Include at least 10 examples of each) HUMAN: Speaking on the phone Testing Speaking to the passengers in the back seat No settable Driving under the Influence of drugs/alcohol Not being cautious of people crossing the road Distracted driving Ignoring road signs Unsafe lane changes Road rage VEHICLE: Flat tires – Design defects – Equipment failure – Brakes – Faded road signs – Potholes – Roadway constructions – Animals on the road Traffic lights not working 4.Write down what the different types of drugs are that can affect someone's driving ability? – Depressants – Hallucinogens – Stimulants How can Stimulants effect someone's driving ability? – You can have a false sense of confidence – You can make rash decisions that can lead to increased risk taking behavior – Your visual perceptions can be distorted, which will make it difficult to Judge distances – Your driving ability and co-ordination will be lessened – With the lack of sleep, you will actually feel more exhausted, affecting your reflexes Car Accidents CAUSE AND EFFECT PARAGRAPH -CAUSES OF ROAD ACCIDENTS Car accidents are something that has become common in human life. Almost everyday car accidents happen around us within anytime and anywhere around the worlds. It harms everyone without exception to anybody. The tragic part of car accidents is when it involving fatal. It is very unfair for every living body to die in the car crash and it such a wasted. Furthermore car accidents are something that can be avoided if we altogether concern about the factors that can lead to the crash. First and foremost, careless driver is one of the factors of car accidents. They are not paying 100% attentions on the road while driving. Some of them are talking on the phone, and controlling the car with only one hand. This actually increases the risk of getting involved in car accidents. There are also driver that are not in proper condition to drive. As example, the driver does not getting enough sleep to be able to drive safely resulting in falling asleep while driving and may lead to car accidents. Secondly, poor road conditions also contribute to car accidents. Irregularly surface of road can cause driver to lose control on the car. Unclear road signs that are hard to be seen especially during night and improper placed of speed bump are really disturbing the driver and thus car accidents are more likely to occur. Finally, bad weather is also the causes of car accidents. Heavy rain, storm and snow limit the driver’s visibility and put themselves and others on risk. As example, when it is raining heavily, the road become slippery and car’s tyres have fewer grips on the surface of road. Consequently, the cars will collide with each others. As a conclusion, peoples especially drivers should take note the factors that cause the car accidents as they will beware when driving and thus can help avoiding car accidents.

Roman Education

Essay 1 The question at hand is â€Å"According to ancient Greek rulers, historians and philosophers, what role should education and property/wealth play in determining who should govern? † In order to answer this question you must look into the very core of Greek society. To learn about Greek society I have read readings from ancient Greek historians and philosophers such as Aristotle, Plato, Socrates, and Thucydides. Plato introduced Greece to the thought of Idealism and his take on what an ideal society looks like. Aristotle believed that the way a household is ran correlates to society as a whole.Greece believed in democracy, therefore a household should be run in accordance to idealistic, democratic views. The ruler of the house, the man, has more control than the women, the women more than the slaves, and the children have no control but are considered above slaves. Aristotle thinks a man’s wealth is not always considered by his property value but by his knowledge . He said â€Å"†¦it is clear then that in household management the people are of greater importance than the material property, and their quality of more account than that of goods that make up their wealth. (Aristotle) Greek philosophers believed that in order to become a ruler you must have standards throughout your life. Aristotle said â€Å"†¦for neither life itself nor the good life is possible without a certain minimum standard of wealth. Again, for any given craft the existence of the proper tools will be the essential for the performance of its task. † Aristotle is saying that any ruler must have grown up with standards. A child’s knowledge is only as good as who is raising the child, therefore a ruler must have grown up under people who have high standards of society living.This can point us in the direction of rulers handing the throne down to sons or other family members. It seems logical to think that a person that has grown up under the supervi sion of a ruler would carry the same beliefs and ethics about society and life in Greece. This is further explained in a quote from Aristotle â€Å"Take the child: he is not yet fully developed and his function is to grow up, so we cannot speak of his virtue as belonging absolutely to him, but only in relation to the progress of his development and to whoever is in charge of him. †With power comes wealth, and wealth is very important when it comes to being a ruler that can have things done. Thucydides said â€Å"we employ wealth for use than for show. †(Thucydides) That statement alone gives way to the thought that wealth can buy you anything, even leadership. Of course Greek people believe in idealism and want their leader to be pure and believe in all their virtues. That does not mean that money cannot get you power, because it certainly does still to this day. Plato believes in more than just wealth and property. He believes in the pureness of one’s soul and their virtues.He said â€Å"†¦and they will have to watched at a very young age, in order that we may see whether they preserve their resolution, and never, under the influence and force of enchantment, forget or cast off their sense of duty to the state.. †(Plato) This is Plato’s idea of true knowledge, the thought of a soul that has a clear thought of how to rule a society. When it comes down to it knowledge is more important in picking a ruler, but wealth plays a bigger role in placing a person in the position of getting picked. The Greek philosophers agree that knowledge of idealistic beliefs is more important idealistically in picking a ruler.

Assess the Significance of the Role of Individuals in Reducing Racial

However, it cannot be disputed that, whatever his intentions had been, Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation did provide just a glimpse of hope for African Americans; De Jure, the African Americans throughout America had freedom and were able to leave the slavery of Southern plantation owners. Why is it then, that De Facto, the years following the Civil War failed to provide this ‘new hope’ for Blacks and that racism discrimination continued for many years to come? The idea of Blacks developing the mind set they needed in order to fight for their freedom can be categorised as their ‘developing consciousness’. Throughout the 19th and 20th century, it was evident that Blacks had begun to realise that they too had rights and were entitled to the same as the Whites. Through the work of organisations such as the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People) and the Harlem Renaissance as well as individuals such as William Edward Burghardt (W. E. B) Du Bois; Blacks in American began developing their identity as a group and using this to fight back against the oppression of Whites. Du Bois was known as a vocal critic of Booker T Washington, being an educated Black- graduating from Fisk University in 1885 and studying history at Harvard University- he became the first African-American to receive a Ph. D. From Harvard. In order to develop Black Consciousness, Du Bois joined forces with the like minded activists of the NAACP. The NAACP’s main focal points were: The abolition of segregation; equal voting rights; educational opportunities for black people; the enforcement of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments. Despite the main focuses of the NAACPs campaigns, it could be argued that the main thing they did for the progress of Black Equality was the uniting of Blacks under one force; by 1918 there were around 43,994 members in the NAACP. This gathering of Blacks under one organisation cannot be ignored, for the first time the African-Americans of America were joining together in order to fight for their freedom. One key event which argues against the idea that individuals were significant in reducing racial discrimination is that of WWI; argued by Sander’s- â€Å"The First World War generated jobs and gave blacks soldiers a glimpse of greater equality†. The treatment of Blacks abroad- particularly France- showed the African-Americans that the treatment they were receiving at home was unfair and that they were indeed in a situation which needed to change. It is a hard task indeed to decide whether or Black Consciousness increased due to the work solely of individuals such as Du Bois, organisations like the NAACP or events like WWI. Many would argue that it was not a single one of these factors which led to the increase of Black’s realisation of potential. One argument however is that surely without individuals behind the organisations, the work and impact of the organisation is nothing? Individuals are able to lead, organise and even inspire; something that events and organisations are unable to do. The process of increased black nationalism is certainly one which cannot be overlooked; indeed it may not have achieved solid changes in law, and some go as far to say that it may have even hindered the advancement of Black Civil Rights. Despite this one could argue that the development of black nationalism catalysed the civil rights movement for many African Americans; installing a sense of pride inside the hearts of many which was drastically needed at the time. Before trying to pin any credible progress on the black nationalism movement it is first important to attempt to define ‘Black Nationalism’. A simple definition of it would be that it was an ideology which stresses the desire for separatism of the black race; â€Å"unity as a people, pride in African heritage, the creation of autonomous institutions and the search for a territory to build a nation† (Cone, 1991, 122). However the ideology of black nationalists varies greatly between individuals; a perfect example of this is Malcolm X and Martin Luther King. The two vary drastically between their methods in raising black nationalism. The methods and effectiveness of Malcolm X’s campaign for the improved lives of black Americans are up for questioning by many. Indeed his tactics were more radicalised than his non-violent counterpart Dr King: Malcolm X even stated in Washington, 1964 that â€Å"I’m here to remind the white man of the alternative to Dr King†. This statement could be seen to sum up the purpose of Malcolm X; due to the lack of credible change attached to him, one has to question whether his purpose was merely just to show what could happen (increased radicalisation and violence) if the demands of Dr King were not met. This lack of credible, positive actions and change by Malcolm X and his current organisation the Nation Of Islam is an idea which can be- and has been- argued in depth. One could argue that, in terms of De Jure, Malcolm X did not achieve anything significant and indeed many considered him to be irresponsible and negative; Thurgood Marshall even went as far as to say that the NOI was â€Å"run by a bunch of thugs†. Despite this, De Facto, one cannot simply ignore the fact that Malcolm X did indeed draw early attention to the awful conditions in the ghettos and according to the FBI, he was â€Å"The most successful recruiter for the Black Muslims†. This can be credited to Malcolm X being a Zeitgeist; he was able to tap into the spirit of the time and the feelings of the people, using this to draw the huge amounts of support he did for the Nation of Islam. Indeed it may be seen that a radical, passionate individual like Malcolm X was needed at that specific time for the black nationalism movement; it cannot be ignored that Martin Luther King was not at his most successful stage and the fire of black civil rights and nationalism which had been burning brightly was indeed beginning to burn dimmer or some might even say had gone out at the time. After looking at the impact in which individuals had on the civil rights movement and the contrast of events, one can still come back to the fundamentals of the debate; without an individual to start an organisation or instigate an event surely no progress at all would have been made? If one is able to look at the larger picture of the progress made in reducing racial discrimination in the years Assess the Significance of the Role of Individuals in Reducing Racial However, it cannot be disputed that, whatever his intentions had been, Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation did provide just a glimpse of hope for African Americans; De Jure, the African Americans throughout America had freedom and were able to leave the slavery of Southern plantation owners. Why is it then, that De Facto, the years following the Civil War failed to provide this ‘new hope’ for Blacks and that racism discrimination continued for many years to come? The idea of Blacks developing the mind set they needed in order to fight for their freedom can be categorised as their ‘developing consciousness’. Throughout the 19th and 20th century, it was evident that Blacks had begun to realise that they too had rights and were entitled to the same as the Whites. Through the work of organisations such as the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People) and the Harlem Renaissance as well as individuals such as William Edward Burghardt (W. E. B) Du Bois; Blacks in American began developing their identity as a group and using this to fight back against the oppression of Whites. Du Bois was known as a vocal critic of Booker T Washington, being an educated Black- graduating from Fisk University in 1885 and studying history at Harvard University- he became the first African-American to receive a Ph. D. From Harvard. In order to develop Black Consciousness, Du Bois joined forces with the like minded activists of the NAACP. The NAACP’s main focal points were: The abolition of segregation; equal voting rights; educational opportunities for black people; the enforcement of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments. Despite the main focuses of the NAACPs campaigns, it could be argued that the main thing they did for the progress of Black Equality was the uniting of Blacks under one force; by 1918 there were around 43,994 members in the NAACP. This gathering of Blacks under one organisation cannot be ignored, for the first time the African-Americans of America were joining together in order to fight for their freedom. One key event which argues against the idea that individuals were significant in reducing racial discrimination is that of WWI; argued by Sander’s- â€Å"The First World War generated jobs and gave blacks soldiers a glimpse of greater equality†. The treatment of Blacks abroad- particularly France- showed the African-Americans that the treatment they were receiving at home was unfair and that they were indeed in a situation which needed to change. It is a hard task indeed to decide whether or Black Consciousness increased due to the work solely of individuals such as Du Bois, organisations like the NAACP or events like WWI. Many would argue that it was not a single one of these factors which led to the increase of Black’s realisation of potential. One argument however is that surely without individuals behind the organisations, the work and impact of the organisation is nothing? Individuals are able to lead, organise and even inspire; something that events and organisations are unable to do. The process of increased black nationalism is certainly one which cannot be overlooked; indeed it may not have achieved solid changes in law, and some go as far to say that it may have even hindered the advancement of Black Civil Rights. Despite this one could argue that the development of black nationalism catalysed the civil rights movement for many African Americans; installing a sense of pride inside the hearts of many which was drastically needed at the time. Before trying to pin any credible progress on the black nationalism movement it is first important to attempt to define ‘Black Nationalism’. A simple definition of it would be that it was an ideology which stresses the desire for separatism of the black race; â€Å"unity as a people, pride in African heritage, the creation of autonomous institutions and the search for a territory to build a nation† (Cone, 1991, 122). However the ideology of black nationalists varies greatly between individuals; a perfect example of this is Malcolm X and Martin Luther King. The two vary drastically between their methods in raising black nationalism. The methods and effectiveness of Malcolm X’s campaign for the improved lives of black Americans are up for questioning by many. Indeed his tactics were more radicalised than his non-violent counterpart Dr King: Malcolm X even stated in Washington, 1964 that â€Å"I’m here to remind the white man of the alternative to Dr King†. This statement could be seen to sum up the purpose of Malcolm X; due to the lack of credible change attached to him, one has to question whether his purpose was merely just to show what could happen (increased radicalisation and violence) if the demands of Dr King were not met. This lack of credible, positive actions and change by Malcolm X and his current organisation the Nation Of Islam is an idea which can be- and has been- argued in depth. One could argue that, in terms of De Jure, Malcolm X did not achieve anything significant and indeed many considered him to be irresponsible and negative; Thurgood Marshall even went as far as to say that the NOI was â€Å"run by a bunch of thugs†. Despite this, De Facto, one cannot simply ignore the fact that Malcolm X did indeed draw early attention to the awful conditions in the ghettos and according to the FBI, he was â€Å"The most successful recruiter for the Black Muslims†. This can be credited to Malcolm X being a Zeitgeist; he was able to tap into the spirit of the time and the feelings of the people, using this to draw the huge amounts of support he did for the Nation of Islam. Indeed it may be seen that a radical, passionate individual like Malcolm X was needed at that specific time for the black nationalism movement; it cannot be ignored that Martin Luther King was not at his most successful stage and the fire of black civil rights and nationalism which had been burning brightly was indeed beginning to burn dimmer or some might even say had gone out at the time. After looking at the impact in which individuals had on the civil rights movement and the contrast of events, one can still come back to the fundamentals of the debate; without an individual to start an organisation or instigate an event surely no progress at all would have been made? If one is able to look at the larger picture of the progress made in reducing racial discrimination in the years

Coca-Cola and the Evolution of Advertising Research Paper

Coca-Cola and the Evolution of Advertising - Research Paper Example Christened Coca-Cola by Pemberton’s accountant, the bookkeeper spelled out the product’s name in his distinctive script, which remains an integral part of the brand to this day. (heritage.coca-cola.com)Christened Coca-Cola by Pemberton’s accountant, the bookkeeper spelled out the product’s name in his distinctive script, which remains an integral part of the brand to this day. (heritage.coca-cola.com) Bought by local tycoon Asa Candler in 1886, the formula was bottled and marketed across the nation.   Early ads featured ladies and children to an inordinate degree.   The subjects were bright-eyed and cherub-cheeked, conservative images even for the time.   The first â€Å"celebrity spokesperson† was a Boston actress named Hilda Clark.   This is an early example of the use of famous persons as company spokespeople (http://www.dirjournal.com). Aside from their visual components, each ad also touted the merits of the drink.   The word that app eared over and over was â€Å"refreshed.†   The website    http://www.dirjournal.comhas a display of Coke images over the years that show this.   An ad from the 1890s features both a grown man and a young boy sipping the soft drink at a lunch counter.   Beneath this are the words â€Å"It satisfies the thirsty and helps the weary.†    A second one from the same era shows gaily dressed women at a restaurant table.   On a sign behind them, the message â€Å"Coca-Cola revives and sustains† is presented.   Developing this theme, later advertisements urged drinkers to â€Å"shop refreshed,† â€Å"lunch refreshed,† and â€Å"drive refreshed.† Appeals to the drink’s invigorating power are likely references to its high caffeine content.   This is known in marketing circles as â€Å"transformational appeal.† (Advertising appeal)   The underlying message is that using the promoted product will effect positive change in the consumer.   This same strategy used today in commercials for makeup, skin care products, and home exercise equipment.   In the late 1800s, the pitch of choice for Coca-Cola is that it would transform weary, worn out people into ones bursting with vigor and pep.

Who are the 'winners' and 'losers' in globalization Essay

Who are the 'winners' and 'losers' in globalization - Essay Example the article concludes that the prospects for a satisfactory synthesis of a liberal economic theory of globalization, a normative political theory of the global public domain, and a new social bond are remote"( Devetak & Higgott 1999). Largely looking in terms of distribution of economic benefits of globalization it can be surmised that entrenched vested interests and inequalities have remained or even worsened. These inequalities, by themselves, would make any concept of global polity, economy or social bond from arriving in synthesis for maintenance of global social order. We examine the extent of inequalities below. Again in a slightly different context Phillip W.Jones makes a statement which is extremely relevant to the definition of globalization in present context. Jones states that," The logic of globalization contrasts markedly with that of internationalism. The latter, with its intrinsically democratic foundation, looks to a world ordered by structures supportive of that functionalism which is embedded in accountability. Globalization, by contrast, implies few logical imperatives in favour of accountability, but rather looks to the pursuit of interest on the global level through the operation of unfettered capitalism"(Jones,1998). Examining the globalization context from economic point of view prima facie capitalist motives of profits appear predominant. New technological developments, improvements in communication, growth in transnational infrastructure and liberalizing of trade and capital flows have enabled entrepreneurs the globe over to deploy and run their capitals chasing markets the globe over. The globalization aligned attitudes of IMF and World Bank are exemplified with clarity by Jean-Claude Trichet, President of the European Central Bank, when he says that," The key aim of today's policy makers has not changed compared to those at the Bretton Woods times - it has been, and still is, global prosperity and stability - but the environment in which we are acting has changed profoundly......Today we are striving for stability of the international financial system in a world of free capital flows with a growing importance of private flows and increasing trade and financial integration"(Trichet, 2004). As Roby says," world-wide output and trade have grown apace with market openings and the rise of efficient global business networks these past 15 years. An entrepreneurial class is energizing once-stagnant command economies" (Roby, 2005). It is at once apparent that this 'entrepreneurial class' is essentially limited in number the globe over. They also have limited spheres of influence. Consider for instance, the pharmaceuticals giant Astra Zeneca (AZ) has multinational operations and employs just about 65000 employees globally (Annual, 2004). Such instances abound in almost all industrial and commercial sectors where spread and success have been limited. Has AZ been able to provide cheap drugs to global population-perhaps no. We perhaps need more global entrepreneurs in each activity to raise

Bullet Velocity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bullet Velocity - Research Paper Example A bullet is a metallic projectile loaded in cartridges and fired from firearms, the cartridge consists of a cartridge case, propellant charge, primer, and bullet. Pulling the trigger strikes the primer which in turn ignites the gunpowder, high pressure is built which propels the bullet forward and ejects the casing. The flight path of a bullet includes travel down the barrel, path through the air, and path through a target or wounding (Fackler, 1996). The burning gunpowder produces pressure given by Force divided by Area and the larger the barrel the greater the acceleration of the bullet. It is difficult to measure forces within the barrel but the velocity at which the bullet exits the barrel (muzzle velocity), can easily be calculated (Bruner et al, 2011), and is given in feet per second. Bullet velocities are classified as below 1000 fps, 1000-2000 fps and above 2000 fps as low, medium and high velocity respectively. (Wilson, 1997) (Wilson, 1997) Bullet Velocity Initial/Internal B allistics Pressure exerted on the bullet by the burning powder is given by Pressure=Force/Area Whereby: Area = base of bullet= diameter of barrel = constant Energy transmitted to the bullet thus depends on: 1. Mass (ponds) 2. Time of travel (seconds) 3. Time interval over which force is applied (seconds) 4. Barrel length (metres) The pressure and time is related as shown in the graph below Pressure Time over which force is applied As the bullet travels through the barrel, it phases minor deformations called setbacks resulting from imperfections in the barrel, however, the effect of this deformations are negligible (Jandial et al, 2008) External Ballistics/In Air to the Target This can be determined from Kinetic energy formulae as follows: Let: m=mass of bullet a=acceleration of the bullet x=distance travelled From Newton’s second law F=ma †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(1) Then; Work done is given by work done=ma(x) From the expression v2=u2+2ax (Zitzewitz et al, 1995) Wh ere: v=final velocity u= initial velocity =0 since the bullet starts from rest Thus; a=v2/2x †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (2) Substituting eqn(2) into equation of work Work done = mv2x / 2x †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (3) Since work done=Kinetic energy Kinetic energy of bullet, KE=mv2 2 Rearranging for velocity V2 = 2KE M Velocity, V= (2KE M) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.(4) OR Let W = Weight in grains. Then M = W/ (7000grains per pound 32 ft/s) where: 32 ft/s – gravitational acceleration Kinetic Energy = WV2/450435 ft/lb Hence velocity, V= (KE450435 W) This is the bullets velocity as it leaves the muzzle. This velocity is affected by Drug as it heads towards the target. Let f (v/a) - ratio of velocity of bullet to velocity of sound in the medium of travel k- Constant for shape of the bullet &- constant for yaw p- Density of medium d- Diameter of bullet Drug, D = f (v/a) k&pd2v2 The degree to which a bullet is slowed by drug is calle d retardation given by Retardation, r = D/M Velocity is thus given by misery Velocity, V = (KE450435 W) – D/M A bullet fired straight upwards will slow down, stop and fall back to earth obeying the lows of free fall. It accelerates until it reaches a point where its weight equal to resistance of the air, this velocity is called terminal velocity (Cecil 2012). The formulae for free fall is expressed as V= ? gt where: g—gravitational acceleration t—time of fall References Bruner D, Gustafson CG, Visintainer C. Ballistic injuries in the emergency department. Emerg Med Pract. 2011;13(12):1-30. Cecil Adam, Retrieved from http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Formula_for_velocity_of_a_bullet Fackler ML: Civilian gunshot wounds and ballistics: dispelling the myths. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 1998;16:17-28. Jandial R, Reichwage B, Levy M, Duenas V, Sturdivan L. Ballistics for the neurosurgeon. Neurosurgery. 2008;62:472-480. Wilson JM: Wound ballistics. West J Med. 1977;127:49-54. Zit zewitz, Paul W. & Robert F Neff.  Physics: Principles and Problems. New York: Glance, 1995: